A

Animals that have or are highly likely to develop an inherited disease during  their lifetime. For example, affected with irreversible blindness from PRA.

An organized group of dog fanciers, recognized by the Canadian Kennel Club (CKC) and/or American Kennel Club (AKC) to hold all-breed dog shows and performance events within their geographic boundaries. New clubs are considered "Sanctioned" which means that although they are officially recognized, they are not yet authorized to hold pointed shows. "Licensed" clubs have successfully completed a series of pre-requisite qualifying events, and are now authorized to conduct official all-breed events which award points. "Member" clubs are licensed clubs who have opted to have a representative regularly attend and represent their interests as a voting member club of the CKC and/or AKC. An important requisite mission that all clubs must perform is their duty to educate the general public on responsible dog ownership, breeding practices, and the multi-faceted world of purebred dogs.

An event where dogs are judged as to how closely each CONFORMS (hence the term "conformation") to it's own breed's written standard of perfection. Often shows are accompanied by Obedience Trials, Junior Showmanship Competition, and some non-regular class events, such as sweepstakes and futurities or Canine Good Citizen tests. Exhibitors are usually happy to talk to you about their breed, their breeding program, etc. *after* they have finished showing. Please do not touch or feed the dogs without first receiving the owner's direct permission.

An alternative form of a gene; a single allele for each gene is inherited separately from each parent.

Organized in the late 1800's, the AKC is a body of licensed clubs whose stated mission is to: 
Maintain a registry for purebred dogs and preserve its integrity. Sanction dog events that promote interest in, and sustain the process of, breeding for type and function of purebred dogs. 
The AKC's stated objective is to advance the study, breeding, exhibiting, running and maintenance of purebred dogs. 
AKC states its' core values as: 
"The human/animal bond, which is perpetuated and supported by purpose-bred dogs for companionship, sport, work, service, etc., is valuable. Dogs bring joy and people who keep dogs as pets feel safer and live longer. All dogs are wonderful, but purpose bred or purebred dogs are more predictable in many important ways than random- bred dogs and therefore make better pets. Pet ownership is more widespread in the US today than in any other country of the world, at any time in history. More than 50% of all households have pets; 36% keep dogs, about a third of which are recognizable breeds. 
Breeding for type and function to create, preserve and improve breeds ties modern urban populations with the 12,000 year tradition of animal husbandry, now vanishing from the rest of our culture. In the last 100 years, this country, along with the rest of the Western world, has undergone what many historians call the most dramatic transformation in human history. It is the shift from rural, agricultural society to an urban technological one. When AKC was created, more than half of all Americans lived on farms. Even at the turn of the century, 85% of all jobs were agriculturally based. Today, less than one in fifty Americans lives on a farm but more than 50% of households maintains positive contact with animals by keeping pets. Very few people have hands-on experience in animal husbandry anymore-- and that make AKC's constituents unique subject matter experts in an area that touches and matters to half of all households. AKC breeders are the experts, the preservationist, the ones who tie society to its past and support society's present need to maintain the human/animal bond."

a procedure in which a needle is inserted from outside the abdomen and just below the umbilicus into the amniotic sac to obtain a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis. analysis of the contents of the sample yield information on the maturity, well-being and sex of the fetus, hereditary diseases, if present.

A number printed on paper which an exhibitor wears to indicate the entered dog's (or Junior's) reference number in the judge's book and catalog. This number is the only identification that the judge is allowed access to before and during the competition.

The injection of semen into a bitch's uterus (not through sexual intercourse) in order to make her pregnant.

A chromosome that is not a sex (X or Y) chromosome.

B

When used as a verb, as "to bait the dog" or "to freebait," this refers to using an item of food or toy to gain the dogs' attention; showing expression and animation to the judge. 
When used as a noun, it refers to items of food (usually cooked liver, cheese, or other treat) used to bait the dog to show expression and animation.

Distinct chemical ingredients found in the genetic material of all life-forms.

An all-breed show specifically designed for public education and enjoyment, wherein all dogs are required to stay in an assigned "benching area" for the duration of the show, (except when being exercised, groomed, or exhibited) in order that the public may easily view the exhibits up close and talk to the breeders, owners, and handlers. There are very few benched shows left in the USA - the ones that readily come to mind are Westminster Kennel Club in New York City, International Kennel Club in Chicago, and Golden Gate in San Francisco. These are very large, heavily attended shows by the public. Excellent for the public, but can be exhausting for the exhibitors.

A coveted award given to the ONE dog who, at the end of an all-breed dog show, has successfully defeated ALL other dogs of all breeds entered that day - by being judged to be the dog who - on that day, is considered to be the most closely conforming to it's own breed's written standard of excellence. The rosette given for a BIS win is red, white and blue.

The award given to the ONE Junior Handler at an all-breed or specialty show, who is judged to have exhibited the highest degree of skill in presenting their dog as effectively and skillfully as possible, by way of defeating the balance of other junior handling entrants. The rosette given for a BJH win is pink and green.

A competition between the Winners Dog and the Winners Bitch, held during the Best of Breed Competition, whereby the two dogs are judged as to which one is considered to be most closely conformed to its written breed standard. The winner of BOW receives the highest number of points given to that breed's WD or WB that day. For instance, if it was only two points in Dogs that day, and 4 points in Bitches, and the Dog won Best of Winners, he, too would be awarded 4 points.

The use of living things to make products.

A female dog. NOT a dirty word. Get used to it.

This is a term that is synonymous with the more scientific term "Gastric Dilatation/Volvulus." It is often called GDV. That means that a dog's stomach distends with air to the point that it goes into shock and may die.

the inner, spongy tissue of bones where red blood cells, white blood cells are formed.

A competitive class in conformation, the Bred by Exhibitor class is a breeder's showcase of the specimens s/he is most proud of - and those that they wish to represent the best of their kennel. Exhibits must be shown by the actual breeder of record - not a handler. AKC has recently implemented a program to award dogs who finish their championships entirely from the BBE class. A medallion is given to the breeder as special recognition.

Used as a verb, to breed is to cause the reproduction of two animals. As a noun, the term "Breed" is used to describe a particular sub-species of animals of similar type and heritage, who have been carefully and intentionally bred to meet certain functional, temperamental, and physical characteristics. "Breed competition" or "in the breed ring" are also common references to competiting in the conformation classes at a dog show.

A written standard of excellence describing the functional, temperamental, and physical attributes which the dedicated students and caretakers of the breed - via their national parent organization, have agreed upon as the official description of perfection for their particular breed.

A HUGE (2,500+ dogs) dog show held annually outside of Vancouver, Washington.

“Butt-tucking”, also called "the crazy 5 minutes", is when your pup suddenly starts running in circles at top speed with his rear tucked under him. Most Labradors do this. It does not indicate a problem with your Lab, either with its temperament or its joints. However, you will want to keep a sharp eye out that you are not injured during this free-for-all!

C

To enter and compete in a large number of shows with a Champion of Record (a "Special") - in order to obtain national rankings by way of defeating the greatest number of other dogs. Most commonly done by using the services of a Professional Handler. Requires a substantial investment and an excellent dog and handler.

To enter and compete in a large number of obedience trials at the Open or Utility level. Points are accumulated with the scores achieved. Top dogs are recognized by the CKC and/or the AKC for placements in both the breed and group. An overall "Top 10" list is accumulated of the dogs and handlers that achieve the highest point totals in their respective countries during a calendar year.

Disorders in the anal sacs of dogs 
There are 3 diseases that occur in the anal sacs. 
1) When the fluid becomes thick and solidified, the condition is called impaction. 
2) When bacteria grow in this material producing a yellow or bloody pus, the condition is called infection. 
3) When the infection builds to create a hot, tender swelling in the sac, the condition is called an abscess. 
When the abscessed material overflows the sac, the skin over the sac breaks open, and the pus drains onto the skin.

Canine Distemper (CDV) infection is an old disease affecting all members of the canine family. Distemper is a highly contagious disease that is complicated by severe secondary bacterial infection. This disease is usually seen in younger dogs that have not been protected by vaccination.

AKC's temperament certification program aimed mostly towards the general public as an encouragement to buy/breed only temperamentally sound dogs, and to do at least a *little* obedience training, so that their dogs will be welcome, safe, and happy in public situations. Dogs and their handlers are put through a series of simple exercises such as walking on lead through a crowd of strangers, sitting on command, standing for examination, response to being left alone for a moment, etc. Successful participants are given a certificate of achievement. Although the "CGC" is NOT an official AKC title, many people are proud to list this among their dogs accomplishments, as it represents that the dog is of stable temperament in public.

a term for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control. cancer cells can invade nearby tissue and can spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.

A dog who has one copy of the gene mutation for a recessive disorder. Carriers are not affected by the disorder. However, they can pass on the mutated gene to their puppies. Puppies who inherit two such genes may be affected by the disorder.

A document sold at shows which lists each entered dog's entry number, class entered, registered name and number, breeder, owner, sire, dam, and date of birth. Excellent tool for following along with the competition and looking for patterns in breeding that you prefer, as well as breeders and exhibitors to contact. If the show also has obedience classes the catalogue will list each dog by class and entry numbers. It will also list the same information about the handler and dog as for the conformation classes.

Canine Eye Research Foundation - maintains database of information that is generated by examinations done by ACVO Diplomates and a DNA database of information that is generated by genetic testing laboratories endorsed by a breed club. CERF is located at the Purdue University's School of Veterinary Medicine.

In AKC competition, a Champion of Record ("CH") title is given to a dog or bitch who has won a total of 15 points at licensed AKC shows. At least 6 of these points must have come from "Major" wins (see "Points") under different judges. A Champion of Record may then enter and compete in the Best of Breed competition, and the "CH" becomes an official prefix to the dog's registered name. 
In CKC competition, a Champion of Record ("CH") title is given to a dog or bitch earning 10 points at licensed CKC shows under at least 3 different judges. As with the AKC, a Champion of Record may then enter and compete in the Best of Breed competition, and the "CH" becomes an official prefix to the dog's registered name. 
Champions are often referred to as "specials" - usually when they are being actively campaigned. Champions of Record also used to be commonly referred to as "bench champions" referring to the formerly common practice of holding benched shows.

As a noun, a "choke" is a metal, nylon, or leather collar consisting of a straight piece of the material, usually joined by looping it through one of two rings on each end. This is the most common collar worn by dogs in the breed ring. Worn properly, with the pull loop coming off the top of the head, this does NOT actually choke the dog, but rather gives a quick correction to get the dog's attention. It immediately releases. Kind of a quick "Hello?!" or "Hey, knock it off!" signal from the handler to the dog.

A prenatal test in which cells surrounding an embryo are removed in order to examine the chromosomes.

Separate strands of genes, contained in the nucleus of a cell. Normally, chromosomes appear in corresponding pairs. A genome is made up of a complete set of paired chromosomes.

citrullinemia is one of several hereditary urea cycle disorders. these disorders are caused by a deficiency of one of the enzymes needed for the incorporation of ammonia into urea, which is normally secreted in the urine. the deficiencies cause an excess of ammonia in the blood and body tissues. in citrullinemia the deficient enzyme is argininosuccinic acid synthetase. if left untreated, the disorder manifests itself by an elevated level of toxic ammonia in the blood (hyperammonemia). this imbalance may lead to brain damage and eventually to coma. this deficiency causes elevations in blood levels of citrulline, alanine, glutamine, homocitrulline, carnosine, and ammonia.

inborn error of urea synthesis, citrullinemia type.

urea cycle disorder, citrullinemia type

The Canadian Kennel Club is devoted to encouraging, guiding and advancing the interests of purebred dogs and their responsible owners and breeders in Canada. It promotes the knowledge and understanding of the benefits which dogs can bring to Canada and the means by which these benefits can most effectively be enjoyed. 
The CKC cooperates with governments at all levels in Canada in the development of legislation which will effectively control the activities of irresponsible dog owners and breeders without unduly restricting responsible owners and breeders. The C.K.C maintains a system of registration of purebred dogs that satisfies the requirements of the Animal Pedigree Act, Agriculture Canada and the Club members. 
It maintains a system whereby clubs and associations wishing to do so may hold dogs shows, obedience trials, field trials and other trials, tests and activities for purebred dogs under the auspices of and in accordance with the rules, regulations, standards, policies and procedures established by the Club. It encourages and assists persons and organizations engaged in these activities and co-operates with other associations and clubs engaged in furthering the interests of purebred animals.

Canine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency - an autosomal recessive disease of  the immune system that causes severe and fatal infections in young pups, so far recognized only in the Irish Setter.

Although there ARE actual instructional classes available to learn to handle dogs in many performance events, the most common use of the term "Classes" is when referring to the different class divisions which are available to show your dog in when entered at a dog show. In conformation, the "class dogs" (those who have not finished their championships) are divided first by sex (males go in first), then further divided by age group and experience level. 
Regular Conformatoin Classes are: 
Puppy 6 months to under 9 months ("6 to 9") 
Puppy 9 months to under 12 months ("9 to 12") 
Junior 12 months to under 18 months ("12 to 18") (Specialties only) 
Novice (for unpointed dogs) 
Bred By Exhibitor ("Bred-By" - shown by the dog's breeder) 
CanBred ("CanBred" - bred & whelped in the USA) 
Open (open to all purebred dogs at least 6 mos old, but usually containing fully mature dogs) 
The first place winners of each of these classes in each sex compete for Winners Dog or Winners Bitch. These two remaining dogs are the only dogs of that breed who, at that show, receive points towards their championships. These two dogs also compete in the Best of Breed that day. 
In obedience competition, the following classes exist: 
Novice A - dogs and handlers that are trying to obtain a CD for the first time 
Novice B - dogs and handlers that are trying to obtain a CD that have an OTCH on a dog or are professional trainers 
Open A - dogs and handlers that are trying to obtain a CDX for the first time 
Open B - dogs and handlers that have obtained a CDX or are professional trainers. 
Utility (Canadian) - those trying to obtain the UD and OTCH designation 
Utility A (American) - those trying to obtain the UD title for the first time 
Utility B (American) - those trying to obtain an OTCH in the US 
In obedience competition, dogs and handlers compete for "LEGS" which are qualifying scores of 170 or more out of a possible 200. To earn a title, a dog and handler must get 3 "LEGS" under at least 2 different judges.

Determined to be free of a condition, disease or specific gene either by test  breedings or by molecular testing. See also 'Genetically clear' and 'Normal'.

the process of making genetically identical copies.

The last date by which entries must be received by the show superintendent or secretary, in order for an entry to be valid and included in the show's competition. Entries usually close 4 weeks prior to the show date in order to allow the club to arrange the judging schedule and prepare and print the catalogs etc. Closing dates are always listed clearly in the premium lists, as well as in the CKC's "Dogs in Canada" magazine for Canadian Shows or for American shows, the AKC's Gazette

the coat color test identifies the actual mutations in a gene which causes expression of black or red coat color. the test identifies the genotype of an animal as homozygous black (can only produce black offspring) or red carrier (can produce black or red offspring)

The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is an important structure which connects the throat to the lungs. It serves the purpose of directing air into the respiratory tract. 
The normal trachea is tubular. It maintains its shape because of a series of rings made of cartilage. These rings do not completely encircle the trachea. Instead, they go from the 2 o'clock to 10 o'clock positions. The remainder of the trachea is composed of a flexible membrane that joins the ends of the cartilage rings. 
When the cartilage rings are flattened from the top to the bottom, the trachea is said to be collapsed. Rapid inhalation of air can cause the trachea to flatten and make it difficult for air to enter the lungs.

A common form of cancer, in which cancer cells are found in the tissues of the colon. the colon is part of the body's digestive system. the purpose of the digestive system is to remove nutrients (vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and water) from the foods eaten and to store the waste until it passes out of the body.

How well a specific dog's structure, type and temperament conform to it's breed's written standard of excellence. 
Conformation competition is also commonly referred to as "breed competition." 
The term "dog confirmation," on the other hand, is reserved for dogs who confirm their faith by regularly attending Catholic Mass.

genetic relationship. consanguineous individuals have at least one common ancestor in the preceding few generations.

In reproduction, the point at which a sperm fertilizes an egg.

retention of copper in the liver to the extent that, when present in large amounts, it becomes toxic to the system. copper toxicosis has been diagnosed in 53 breeds of dogs.

Coprophagy, AKA "stool-eating', "feces-eating" or "poop-eating", is the eating of excrement and can involve the dog's own, another dog's, or another species of animal's stools. Some only eat their own, others eat only other animals, some don't discriminate. It is not unusual, and is seen more frequently in young dogs; nor is it unnatural, after all the brood bitch does this routinely to clean up after her very young pups; hence they are exposed to this activity right from the onset. This does NOT mean that you should stop a brood bitch from this normal, healthy, and necessary activity with her pups.

The term coronary artery disease refers to any abnormal condition of the coronary arteries that interferes with the delivery of an adequate supply of blood to the heart muscle. when the heart muscle does not get enough oxygenated blood to meet its demand, it experiences a hunger for more oxygen.

A large benched dog show held in February in San Francisco's Cow Palace by the Golden Gate Kennel Club. Heavily attended by the public. Considered a larger show in size than Westminster.

A containment unit used to safely transport and house a dog during rest periods. Dogs feel very safe and secure in their crates, which double as their private "dens." Crates are a CRITICAL piece of safety equipment for ALL dogs travelling in cars. Crates function in much the same way as does a child's safety seat; preventing dogs from being hurled through glass windows during a collision, and taking the impact of a crash. DOGS (and people for that matter) SHOULD *NEVER* ride loose in the back of a truck. If you wouldn't allow your three year old barefoot human child to stand on a hot or wet and slippery truckbed floor with no protection from the elements or from the effects of a sudden stop, bump, turn, or collision, why would you allow your dog??!! Illegal in most states and grounds for *immediate* and non-negotiable, contractually enforced return of any dog we adopt into a new family.

Where a section of one chromosome switches places with the same section from the other chromosome of the pair. This sometimes occurs when a germ cell makes copies of its chromosomes before dividing.

The lower spinal region of a dog, containing the back of the pelvis to the root of the tail.

"The" international dog show of the year, held outside of London, England each March.

D

A collection of information organized so that specific facts can be retrieved as needed. Today, many data banks are organized on computers.

a synthetic hormone that is not a blood product.

Mange is a parasitic skin disease caused by microscopic mites. Two different mange mites cause skin disease in dogs. One lives just under the surface of the skin ,while the other resides in the hair follicles. Although both mites share some similar characteristics, there are also important differences. It is important not to confuse the two types of mange because they have different causes, treatments, and prognoses.

a disorder caused by decreased production of insulin, or by decreased ability to use insulin. insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that is necessary for cells to be able to use blood sugar.

having a full set of genetic material consisting of paired chromosomes that contain one chromosome from each parent.

See: heartworm disease

Problems in how the body functions. Health problems caused by mutations in the genes are referred to as genetic disorders.

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The longspiralling molecule that orchestrates the cell's daily operations and provides the genetic blueprint for the physical characteristics of all living organisms. when made up of two strands, the strands intertwine like a spiral staircase to form a structure called a double helix. subunits, called bases, are the rungs of the staircase.

Used specifically, a term to describe a MALE canine. Generally, a term used to describe the canine species.

The form of a gene (allele) that dominates. Alleles that determine the phenotype displayed in a heterozygote with another (recessive) allele. The normal prcd allele dominates over the mutant allele, as do the normal rcd1, normal CSNB and

E

Ehrlichiosis is caused by the rickettsial organism Ehrlichia canis. Other examples of rickettsial organisms are Riskettsia rickettsi, which causes Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever and Ehrlichia risticii, which causes Potomac Fever in horses. These orgainisms tend to be carried by ticks and other insect vectors, in some cases. For ehrlichiosis, the most common vector is the brown dog tick. For this reason, ehrlichiosis occurs anywhere this tick occurs. At present, it has been reported in 34 states, with the northern states being spared in most instances. The southeastern and south central states are the most heavily affected. A few cases of Ehrlichia canis infection have been reported in people after tick bites.

Elbow dysplasia is the term for an elbow joint that is malformed on X-rays. The mechanism of the malformation is unclear but it may be due to differences in the growth rates of the three bones that make up the elbow joint, particularly the humerus and ulna.

Electroretinography; a test done by an ophthalmologist to assess the  functioning of the retina, the light sensing and vision producing layer of cells at the back of the eye. The disease PRA causes an abnormal ERG that can be measured earlier   in some breeds than in others. To establish PRA affected status by ERG, it is necessary that a full diagnostic protocol be done with dogs under anesthesia or heavy sedation, and that the rod and cone contributions of the ERG be separately evaluated.

A handy term used to refer to one's former spouse (you know - the one who hated dogs :) --OR-- an abbreviation for the verb to exercise (potty) one's dog - allowing them to eliminate, stretch their legs, etc. As in "I'm going to ex the dogs before bed."

F

An occasional genetic marker-based test result that occurs because the marker DNA that is usually associated with the mutant gene is associated with the non-mutated gene. Known to occur with the prcd-PRA test.

There is a condition in female dogs  known as "ovarian remnant syndrome" in which a spayed female continues to 
exhibit signs of estrus (heat periods. Usually this occurs because a portion of an ovary was left in the abdomen during the spay surgery. This can happen several ways -- sometimes the surgeon doesn't have a clear view of the ovary for some reason (obesity, not having a big enough incision, bleeding, etc.) and a portion is simply missed, other times it is a piece of the ovary is accidentally dropped as it is removed and reimplants in the abdomen.

An animal in the later stage of development before birth.

In conformation competition, to finish means to have won enough points to be awarded the title of Champion of Record. In obedience a finish is a transitional movement the dog makes between the completion of a recall, and the return to the heel position.

a mapping technique that uses fluorescent tags to identify specific locations of chromosomes.

Fleas are parasites, which means that they are small organisms that live in or on (and at the expense of) a larger organism (the "host" animal). Some parasites cause no problems, others cause discomfort and annoyance, and still others can lead to life-threatening disease. Fleas are small, wingless insects that are parasites on dogs, cats, pigs, rodents, birds, and humans. Adult fleas suck the blood of their hosts, and they are known to survive for months while waiting for a victim to come by. There are several species of fleas, but the most widespread among both cats and dogs is the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis. This flea's cousin, the dog flea, Ctenocephalides canis, also occurs, but is less common.

"Flexi-Lead" is the common brand name of a retractable, spring loaded lead which allows a dog to wander and traverse at a distance from the handler without getting caught up in the lead itself. Not used in competition, but a god-send for casual walks and exercises. Available at any large pet supply store or from vendors at a show.

A canine sport for dogs. A relay race with consisting of 4 dogs that individually run over 4 hurdles placed 10 feet apart and retrieve a tennis ball after triggering a box. The dog must then return back over the jumps with the tennis ball in their mouth. Once the dog has crossed the finish line, the next dog goes. Once all 4 dogs have completed, the race is over. This sport is played with two lanes and whichever team crosses the finish line first wins the race. Dogs compete for titles as well as for rosettes for defeating other teams.

To use food, toy, or some other enticement to get the dog to stack properly (without physical interaction from the handler) and show alert, animated expression while standing in the breed ring being judged. The term "free" comes from "hands-free."

A non-regular competition whereby the breeder nominates a litter before it is whelped, and enters the produce from that litter in a special competition (usually held at National Specialty Shows). The idea is that these dogs represent that breeders best efforts in researching and planing their highest quality litter for that year, based upon their knowledge, understanding and confidence of the genetic potential of the proposed breeding.

G

The most efficient way of moving for a particular dog. Most breeds are gaited at a trot or jogging speed.

Slang for the Westminster Kennel Club's high visibility, prestigious, and well respected benched show held in New York City's Madison Square Garden each February. Normally held and internationally televised on the Monday and Tuesday of the second week in February each year. The '98 show will be held during the third week in February, due to scheduling conflicts with Madision Square Garden.

See: bloat

The fundamental physical and functional unit of inheritance; the ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a certain position on a chromosome that encodes a specific functional product.

Any process by which specific dna sequences are replicated disproportionately greater than their representation in the parent molecules; during development, some genes become amplified in specific tissues.

The determination of the relative positions of genes on a chromosome and the distance between them.

The technology used to genetically manipulate livingcells to produce new chemical or perform new functions.

Chromosome map showing the relative positions of the known genes on the chromosomes of a given species.

The field of science that looks at how traits are passed down from one generation to another, through the genes.

Testing individuals to identify defective genes capable of causing heritable conditions.

An animal that is OptiGen tested pattern A. It is absolutely certain  that this animal does not carry the PRA-mutant gene.

All of the genetic material (DNA) in the chromosomes of a particular organism/individual.

The genetic constitution of an organism/individual. The genotype for some specific conditions can be determined by complete pedigree information or, more reliably, by molecular genetic testing. As an example, the CSNB carrier genotype of a Briard includes one normal allele and one mutant allele for the CSNB gene.

germ-line therapy

The altering of genes in reproductive cells (sperm or egg) in order to affect their function in any offspring that may be created.

The offspring of a stud dog.

To bathe, dry, comb, clip and scissors a dog to best exhibit its virtues. Very strict rules and traditions govern "correct" grooming, and significant talent and experience is required to become excellent at show-grooming the coated breeds.

Groupings of dogs by their traditional functional similarities. The AKC and CKC currently has seven groups; 
Sporting (dogs used for upland gamebird hunting i.e. retrievers, pointers, setters, spaniels) 
Hound (dogs who track by sight or scent) 
Working (guard, pulling and/or rescue dogs) 
Terrier (dogs who were bred to kill vermin) 
Toy (dogs who were bred strictly as small companions to people) 
Non-Sporting (dogs whose original job no longer exists, or who no longer are used for their original function) 
Herding (Dogs bred to gather and move livestock - formerly part of the Working Group) 
Each recognized breed belongs to a specific Group. Each breed awards a Best of Breed (BOB) winner to represent that breed in the afternoon's Group competition, whereby the BOB contestants compete for group placement awards of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th in group. The winner of each group's first place award goes on to represent their group in the Best in Show competition at the end of the day.

H

The person presenting the dog in competition. Often a term used to refer to a professional handler.

Heartworm disease (dirofilariasis) is a serious and potentially fatal disease in dogs. It is caused by a worm called Dirofilaria immitis. 
Heartworms are found in the heart and large adjacent vessels of infected dogs. The female worm is 6 to 14 inches (2.3 to 5.5 cm) long and 1/8 inch (5 mm) wide; the male is about half the size of the female. One dog may have as many as 300 worms.

The average heat cycle for a dog is approximately 3 weeks and since this an an average, some heats are shorter (as little as 7-10 days), others are longer (4 weeks or more). Average times between heat periods is seven months but some dogs can cycle as early as every 4 months, some once a year.

An aural (ear) hematoma is a collection of blood, serum, or a blood clot within the pinna (ear flap). When present, the pinna will be very thick. The swelling may involve the entire pinna or it may involve only one area. When something irritates the ear canal, the dog responds by scratching or shaking the head. Excessive shaking causes blood vessels to break, resulting in bleeding. An understanding of the ear's anatomy makes the sequence of events more logical. The ear flap is composed of a layer of skin on each side of a layer of cartilage. The cartilage gives the ear flap its shape. Blood vessels go from side-to-side by passing through the cartilage. Violent shaking causes the vessels to break as the skin slides across the cartilage.

The handing down of certain traits from parents to their offspring. The process of heredity occurs through the genes.

Having two different alleles at one or more loci in homologous chromosome pairs. One copy of the gene is normal and one copy is mutant. A carrier, non-affected.

canine hemorrhagic gastroenteritis. Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE) is a disorder of dogs which is usually fairly abrupt in onset. The significant signs of HGE are vomiting and/or diarrhea containing variable amounts of blood. The blood may be bright red (fresh blood) or dark (digested blood). A common description of the stool is "like raspberry jam".

Like most large, heavy breeds, the Labrador has a problem with Canine Hip Dysplasia (CHD). 
Hip dysplasia literally means an abnormality in the development of the hip joint. It is characterized by a shallow acetabulum (the "cup" of the hip joint) and changes in the shape of the femoral head (the "ball" of the hip joint). These changes may occur due to excessive laxity in the hip joint.

Chromosomes that pair together during the formation of sperm and eggs. Each homologue is a duplicate of one chromosome from each parent.

Having the same allele at one or more loci in homologous chromosome pairs. Both copies of a gene are the SAME, either both normal or both mutant.

Proteins produced by organs of the body that trigger activity in other locations.

I

Inherited Copper Toxicosis (ICT) is a retention of copper in the liver to the extent that, when present in large amounts, it 
becomes toxic to the system. Copper Toxicosis has been diagnosed in 53 breeds of dogs. The discussion that follows refers only to the type found in Bedlington Terriers. I have not found any articles on Copper Toxicosis in Labrador 
Retrievers.

Health problems caused by the fact that the body cannot properly fight infection.

inherited diseases resulting from alterations in genes that code for enzymes.

J

An adjudicating official tasked with evaluating and comparing how well, in his/her opinion, and in comparison to the other dogs entered in the class that day, a dog conforms to its breed's written standard of excellence. Other performance events also have official judges.

A small (usually free) publication offered by the superintendent/show secretary which lists when and where each breed will be judged that day, and by whom. For a complete listing of dogs, their breeders, owners, etc, buy a complete catalog.

A young person between the ages of 10 and up to their 18th birthday, who competes with other juniors of similar age/experience levels in exhibiting their technical skills of handling dogs, ring conduct, and sportsmanship.

The actual competitive classes offered for Juniors exhibiting their handling skills, which are usually offered at dog shows and matches. The AKC and CKC offer classes for two age groups, each divided by skill: 
Novice Junior (Ages 10 up to 14, who have won less than three 1st place awards with competition) 
Novice Senior (Ages 14 up to 18, who have won less than three 1st place awards with competition) 
Open Junior (Ages 10 up to 14, who have won at least three 1st place awards with competition) 
Open Senior (Ages 14 up to 18, who have won at least three 1st place awards with competition) 
The first place winners of each of these four classes compete for Best Junior Handler.

K

L

A thin leather, nylon, cotton, etc. piece of material usually with a metal snap or clip connector on one end to attach to the dog's collar, and a loop on the other end for the handler to hold on to, leading the dog around the show ring. This is not called a leash - which is a thick piece of material used to take your dogs for a walk or compete in obedience.

Leishmaniasis is caused by a protozoan in the Leishmania species. Skin disease, polyarthritis (arthritis in multiple joints), mucosal disorders (lumps on tongue, gums, etc), damage to internal organs and possibly bleeding disorders. It is diagnosed by examination of tissues from affected dogs or by serology through antibody titers. I am not sure if there is a consistently effective medical treatment for this condition since there appear to be a lot of semi-effective medications listed in the veterinary literature. The skin signs seen with this disease include loss of hair, scaling of the skin, ulceration of the skin on the limbs or ears, formation of nodules on the body and sometimes pustules.

Analysis of pedigree and the tracking of alleles of a specific gene by following the inheritance of closely associated genes and DNA markers.

A map of relative position of genetic loci on a chromosome,  determined on the basis of how often the loci are inherited together.

The position on a chromosome of a gene or other chrromosome marker, also the DNA at that position.

The area of the body between the last ribcage and the beginning of the pelvis. (In human terms, this would be the waist). The lower portion of the loin is known as the "tuck-up."

The patella, or knee cap, should be located in the center of the knee joint. The term "luxating" means out of place or dislocated. Therefore, a luxating patella is a knee cap that moves out of its normal location.

M

"A Major" is a big win for a class dog who has defeated enough dogs that day by going Winners Dog or Winners Bitch, to earn either 3, 4, or 5 points towards its championship. The point schedule is different for each breed, sex, and region, depending upon entries. Also see "Points" definition below.

An identifiable physical location on a chromosome whose inheritance can be monitored. Markers can be expressed regions of DNA (genes) or some segment of DNA with no known function but whose pattern of inheritance can be determined.

A DNA test that identifies the presence of the normal or mutant allele for a disease by detecting markers that are so closely linked to the gene in question that they never, or very rarely, separate from it.

An heritable change resulting from a permanent alteration in an organism’s DNA sequence.

A DNA test that identifies the normal or mutant allele by detecting the gene itself and its mutation, not by using markers.Changes that occur to the order of bases appearing in the DNA inside a cell. 

N

An annual specialty show hosted by the breed's national parent breed club. Usually considered that breed's most important, competitive, and prestigious event to win or place well in.

Genetically clear of a mutant gene; not a carrier and not affected.

Basic level Obedience classes. Dogs successfully achieving three qualifying scores ("legs") of at least 170 out of 200 points (including earning at least 50% of available points for each separate exercise) are awarded the title "Companion Dog" and are allowed to add the "CD" suffix to their registered name. Obedience classes are divided into two groups; (A and B) - "A" for exhibitors who have not yet added this title to a dog's name that they have either handled or trained, and "B" or more experienced exhibitors who have. Exercises in these classes include: 
Heel on Leash and Figure Eight........40 points 
Stand for Examination....................30 points 
Heel Free (off leash) ........................40 points 
Recall (return to handler and sit front)......30 points 
Long Sit (1 minute)...........................30 points 
Long Down (3 minutes) .....................30 points 
Maximum Total Score....................200 points 
In AKC competition the stand for exam is done off leash and in CKC competition the Stand for Exam is done off leash and in CKC competition the Stand for Exam is done on leash.

A handling class for young people between the ages of 10 and up to their 14th birthday who have not yet won three first place awards in a novice handling class *with* competition.

A handling class for young people between the ages of 14 and up to their 18th birthday who have not yet won three first place awards in a novice handling class *with* competition.

O

A competitive performance event whereby the dog and handler are judged on their ability to execute a predetermined set of exercises which display the dog's ability to adhere to certain commands. Dogs are scored on their tractability, style, and execution using a *very* strict scale of 0 - 200 points. Dogs achieving 3 qualifying scores ("legs") of at least 170 are awarded official AKC/CKC titles as suffixes to their registered name. The three regular AKC/CKC obedience classes - in order of degree of difficulty) are: 
Novice (which earns the title of "Companion Dog" or "CD") 
Open (which earns the title of "Companion Dog Excellent" or "CDX") 
Utility (which earns the title of "Utility Dog" or "UD") 
There are additional titles available for dogs competing at the highest levels, such as UDX for dogs earning 10 qualifying scores in both Open B and Utility B, and OTCH (Obedience Trial Champion). Obedience Trials can be held in conjunction with all-breed conformation shows, or as independent events. The AKC is now in the process of creating a special "juniors" obedience division to encourage kids to get involved! Yeah AKC! 
In Canada, 3 UD legs earns the title of OTCH. In the US 100 points must be collected to earn the title of OTCH.obesity

A boney section of the skull located at the back of the topskull. Also known as an Occipital Protuberance. This bone, during puberty, or if not situated properly in an adult, creates an unattractive bump (or protuberance) in the shape of the headpiece. Situated properly, it creates a slight dome to the skull.

Mid-level obedience classes (off leash) which earn the suffix title of Companion Dog Excellent ("CDX") when they earn three qualifying scores of at least 170 out of 200 points (including earning at least 50% of available points for each separate exercise) from three different judges. Obedience classes are divided into two groups; (A and B) - "A" for exhibitors who have not yet added this title to a dog's name that they have either handled or trained, and "B" or more experienced exhibitors who have. Exercises include: 
Heel Free and Figure Eight.......40 points 
Drop on Recall........................30 points 
Retrieve on Flat.......................20 points 
Retrieve over High Jump..........30 points 
Broad Jump.............................20 points 
Long Sit - out of site................30 points 
Long Down - out of site...........30 points 
Maximum Total Score...........200 points

A handling class for young people between the ages of 10 and up to their 14th birthday who have already won three first place awards in a novice handling class *with* competition.

P

Plants or animals that live off another creature (or even inside it), obtaining food and protection without offering any benefit in return.

The officially recognized national organization governing each specific breed's independent specialty clubs. Parent clubs or "National Breed Clubs" are tasked with being the official guardians of their breeds and their written standards and stud book in this country, and to protect the welfare and integrity of their respective breeds.

The area between a dog's paws and it's lower arm, which - in the front - relates to a human wrist area, and in the rear relates to a human's sole of foot. In the rear, the pasterns are topped by "hocks" which relate to a human heel / ankle bone. Often, this entire rear foot assembly in general is mistakenly referred to as the "hock." A good way to understand and visualize the components of a dogs foot / leg assembly is to sit in a chair barefooted and rest your weight on just your bent toes. Your toes and ball of foot would be the dog's "paw" or foot; your soles would be the pasterns, and your heels/ankle would be the hocks. See also Stifle and Patella.

The knee joint of a dog's rear legs which allow the dog's legs to bend and flex as they move. The patellar joint consists of bone, ligaments and muscle tissue. A frequent disorder of this joint, Patellar luxation is a looseness or hyperextension of the joining tendons which allows the kneecap to slip off of its "runners" causing pain and inability to move correctly. Luxated Patellae can be surgically corrected. LP is thought to be a genetically inheritable tendency, but can also be caused by injury.

Pattern A, B or C refers to the specific pattern of DNA markers detected in the prcd-PRA test.

A special annual non-regular competition for Open level junior handlers, sponsored by Kal-Kan Pedigree. Pedigree designates approximately 12 of the largest shows in the country as either Open Junior and/or Open Senior "Qualifiers." The winners of these qualifiers and their chaperones are invited to attend an all expenses paid special competition which is broadcast on ESPN. The winner of the Open Senior Invitational represents the USA at the international competition at the prestigious Crufts Dog show in England. The winner of the Open Junior invitational competition represents the USA at the FCI World Dog Show, which this year was held in Puerto Rico. Again, Pedigree covers all expenses - including the wonderful extra-curricular sight seeing activities. Juniors owe a debt of great thanks to Kal-Kan Pedigree for their outstanding efforts and commitment to supporting the future of the sport of dog shows by sponsoring these wonderful events.

Observable characteristics of an organism produced by the interaction of the organism’s genotype and its environment. For example, hair type, eye color, height.

The dyelike material in cells that provides color to skin, eye and hair.

In conformation ("breed") competition, CKC & AKC award between one and five points towards their Champion of Record title - depending on the regional point schedule and/or how many dogs defeated - to both the Winners Dog and Winners Bitch of each breed entered at a show.To receive the title of Champion in Canada a dog must earn at least 10 points, winning points from at least e judges. To receive the title of Champion in US, a dog must earn at least 15 points; at least 6 of which must come from two different judges, and be "majors." A "major" is a substantial achievement earned by defeating a large number of dogs relative to that breed. A major consists of either 3, 4, or 5 points. 
In obedience competition, points are awarded towards the Obedience Trial Champion title based on scores and the number of dogs defeated. 100 points earns the title of OTCH in the US. Points are also given out to qualifying scores in the Open and Utility level and accumulate within a calendar year to determine placing within the breed and within the group. While earning each title scores are given to the dog and handler. Any score over 170 points earns a qualifying "leg" towards their title. Three "legs" and the dog earns the title associated with the scores. 
In junior handling competition, points are garnered by the number of competitors defeated. In the most widely recognized scoring system, which AKC is in the process of beginning to track, one point is awarded for each competitor you defeat. (You do not count yourself, as you did not defeat yourself). The Best Jr. Handler receives one point for each other competitor entered and defeated that day.

Glycogen storage disease that has been identified in brahman and polled shorthorn cattle. Affected animals display a loss of condition and poor growth by two months of age; death occurs by nine months of age.

The "breastbone" on a dog. Located on its forechest midway between its point of shoulders, a somewhat protruding post sternum is desirable in most sporting, working, and herding breed - as it is thought to indicate a chest cavity large enough to accommodate lungs and heart expansion as they work in heavy physical activity.

Progressive Retinal Atrophy - A slowly progressive inherited disease that causes irreversible degeneration of the retinal tissue and eventual blindness.

Progressive rod-cone degeneration - one form of PRA that so far can be detected in Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, English Cocker Spaniels, Labrador Retrievers and Portuguese Water Dogs.

A publication created by the show superintendent or secretary which is mailed to prospective exhibitors, listing the show giving club, the date and location of the show, the judges, classes and awards ("premiums") offered, etc. Premium lists contain forms and fees for entering, and list the closing date by which entries must be received. You may request a specific premium list by contacting the show superintendent or secretary for the show you are interested in. The name of the super/sec for each individual show in Canada is listed in the CKC Dogs in Canada magazine. The names of the super/sec in the US for each individual show is listed in the AKC gazette.

Examining fetal cells taken from the amniotic fluid, the primitive placenta (chorion), or the umbilical cord for biochemical, chromosomal, or gene alterations.

A specific sequence of single-stranded dna, typically labeled with a radioactive atom, which is designed to bind to, and thereby single out, a particular segment of adn.

The offspring of a brood bitch.

The basic chemicals that make up the structure of cells and direct their activities.

Hereditary blood disorder characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme pyruvate kinase. Physical findings associated with the disorder may include reduced levels of oxygen-carrying hemoglobulin in the blood due to premature destruction of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia); abnormally increased levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia); abnormal enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly); and/or other abnormalities.

R

Rod-cone dysplasia type 1 - an early onset form of PRA detected in Irish Setters.

A gene that shows up phenotypically in its homozygous state but is masked in the presence of a dominant allele. Both copies of the gene must be the recessive form in order for a recessive phenotype or characteristic to be observed.

A form of dna produced by splicing together segments of dna from two or more organisms.

The natural process in reproduction of breaking and rejoining DNA strands to produce new combinations of genes and, thus generate genetic variation.

A permanent collection of information generated by testing or examinations that is recorded and preserved as a database. For genetic testing in dogs, the registry of results might be maintained by the breed club, by CERF, or by another organization.

A grouping of states with similar numbers of entries, which AKC designates as a Region for calculating point schedules.

The joyful process by which living things produce more of their own species.

See "Winners Bitch" and/or "Winners Dog" descriptions below.

A network of cells in the back of the eye which convert light to a neural signal  that goes to the brain. The rods and cones are the photoreceptors - those cells that “see” light.

The progressive and eventual death of the cells of the retina.

A judge's assistant who is tasked with coordinating the logistics of getting the exhibitors and their dogs into and out of the rings efficiently. Stewards check in the exhibitors, answer questions about ring procedures, call in the classes, prepare the ribbons and trophies for distribution, and maintain their own marked catalogs as back-up documentation for official placements. Stewards are responsible for the smooth operation of their rings, and the comfort of the judges they are assigned to assist. Some Stewards are club volunteers while others are paid for their professional services.

To exercise and condition a dog usually by walking, jogging, or biking.

The cells in the retina that are involved with black and white or dim (night) vision. 

S

Looking for evidence of a particular disease such as cancer in dogs with no symptoms of disease. Checking for disease when there are no symptoms.

A show official (usually an individual person) licensed by the CKC or AKC, and hired by the show giving club to act as the coordinating management for the show. The secretary usually generates and distributes the premium lists, receives the entries, creates the catalogs, provides the equipment and materials needed, keeps all the records and generates the reports for CKC.

Seizures are one of the most frequently seen neurological problems in dogs. A seizure is also known as a convulsion or fit. It may have all or any combination of the following: 

     1)Loss or derangement of consciousness 
     2)Contractions of all the muscles in the body 
     3)Changes in mental awareness from non-responsiveness to hallucinations 
     4)Involuntary urination, defecation, or salivation 
     5)Behavioral changes, including non-recognition of owner, viciousness, pacing, and running in circles

The selection of certain animals for reproduction in order to influence the traits inherited by the next generation.

The area on the show grounds in which you establish your home-base for grooming and holding your dogs while you are not in the ring. Pray for a space close to the rings with an electrical outlet!

The movement of a dog as it is seen from the dog's side. Look for how effectively it tracks, and how appropriately it reaches with it's front legs, and drives off of it's rear.

Male parent of an animal, especially a domestic animal such as a dog.

A small grooming tool with a rectangular head on the end containing fine teeth with bent tops which is used to separate and brush out topcoat and furnishings such as hock hair.

Slang for a Champion of Record who is being actively campaigned.

A show consisting of only one breed, given by a "Specialty Club." Specialty clubs are groups of individuals (breeders, exhibitors, pet enthusiasts, etc.) who share a passion for a specific breed of dogs, and who host events specific to promoting that breed. Specialties usually draw a large entry of dogs, and wins garnered from specialties are very high visibility within the national family of that breed's fanciers.

freezing sperm before cancer treatment for use in the future. this procedure can allow male dogs to father puppies after loss of fertility.

To cause your dog to stand in a manner that best displays it's virtues. In most breeds, the dog's forelegs are stacked in alignment with their withers, and their rear pasterns are squarely aligned and presented at a 90 degree angle from the floor. There are exceptions by breed i.e. German Shepherd Dogs, etc. One may "Hand stack" their dog by manually placing each foot in it's best position, or else "Free stack" by using a hands free method of using bait, verbal commands, body language, or lead correction to get the dog to stack itself.

The officially recognized written description of an ideal specimen of a specific breed. This is the document judges are tasked to interpret when judging in the breed ring, where dogs are judged as to how well they conform to this written standard of excellence. Original breed standards are written by the national parent clubs of each individual breed, and are then adopted by the Kennel Club of the appropriate county, ie CKC/AKC.

See "Post Sternum"

See "Ring Steward" above.

The curved area on a dog's rear legs containing the thighs and patella (knee). The actual bend of stifle regulates how much flexibility the dog will have to drive off of its rear.

The skeletal junction on the skull's foreface between the back of the muzzle and the beginning of the topskull. Collies and Afghans have very little "stop" and Chihuahuas, Labrador Retrievers, and St. Bernards have a great deal of "stop."

A show official (usually a professional show managing company) licensed by the CKC/AKC, and hired by the show giving club to act as the coordinating management team for the show. The superintendent usually generates and distributes the premium lists, receives the entries, creates the catalogs, provides the equipment and materials needed, keeps all the records and generates the reports for the appropriate kennel club.

A non-regular class, usually offered at specialty shows, which are specifically designed to recognize outstanding young dogs and puppies. Winners of Best in Sweeps, Best Opposite Sex in Sweeps, and often all of the class placement winners, receive a portion of the entry fees as prizes for their placement. Sweepstakes are the only classes where money prizes are normally awarded.

A recognizable pattern or group of multiple signs, symptoms or malformations that characterize a particular condition

T

Equipment (collars, leads, grooming products, combs, brushes, shears, etc) used to prepare and show a dog. Hopefully found in a "Tack Box" when not in use.

The most common tapeworm of dogs (and cats) is called Dipylidium caninum. This parasite attaches to the small intestinal wall by hook-like mouthparts. Adult tapeworms may reach 8 inches (20 cm) in length. The adult worm is actually made up of many small segments about 1/8 inch (3 mm) long. As the tail end of the worm matures, the terminal segments break off and pass into the stool. Occasionally, the mobile segments can be seen crawling near the anus or on the surface of a fresh bowel movement. These segments look like grains of rice and contain tapeworm eggs; the eggs are released into the environment when the segment dries. The dried segments are small (about 1/16", or 2 mm), hard and golden in color. These dried segments can sometimes be seen stuck to the hair around the dog's anus.

A dog's way of responding to the world. Examples of temperament include shy, bold, risk taking, and cautious.

Ticks -- Nature's Vampires 
Even though people commonly think of ticks as "bugs," they aren't bugs or even insects. They are related to insects, but are in fact, arachnids. Arachnids are eight-legged creatures that include spiders, scorpions, mites, and, of course, ticks. 
There are two types of ticks -- the soft ticks and the hard ticks. Soft ticks, as the name suggests, have soft bodies, bodies that can swell enormously while they feed. Soft ticks commonly are active only at night when they attach to a passing host, take their meal in a matter of hours, and drop off before sunrise. Since we tend to keep our pets inside, or at least confined at night, soft ticks are not a common problem with pets. 
Hard ticks, on the other hand, are by far the most commonly found type of tick on pets. Hard ticks are just that -- they are covered with a hard, inflexible cuticle that does not allow their bodies to expand. When feeding, the hard tick ingests the host's blood, concentrates and retains the solid material from the blood, and returns the liquid plasma back into the host. As it does this, the tick may also inject a disease organism into your pet.

The spinal section of a dog from it's withers (top of shoulder blades) to the end of it's croup (at the tail root).

Containing genes from another species.

A disorder of tyrosine metabolism characterized by the buildup of tyrosine and its metabolites resulting in hepatic and renal damage.

U

A technique for looking inside the body by using sound waves to create images.

Highest level of obedience classes for people seeking to earn the suffix title of Utility Dog ("UD") when they earn three qualifying scores of at least 170 out of 200 points (including earning at least 50% of available points for each separate exercise) from three different judges. Obedience classes are divided into two groups; (A and B) - "A" for exhibitors who have not yet added this title to a dog's name that they have either handled or trained, and "B" or more experienced exhibitors who have. Exercises (all off leash) include: 
Signal Exercise.....................40 points 
Scent Discrimination Article #1.....30 points * 
Scent Discrimination Article #2.....30 points * 
Directed Retrieve...................30 points 
Moving Stand and Examination........30 points 
Directed Jumping....................40 points 
Maximum Total Score....................200 points 
* The scent discrimination exercise is different in both Canada and in the US. In Canada, there are 3 articles, wood, metal and leather. In the US only the wood and metal are used. 
In the US, there are A and B classes. Once the UD is achieved in the US, competitors continue to compete for placements to accumulate 100 points to earn their OTCH designation. In Canada, there is only the one Utility class. In Canada, 3 legs earns the title UD and OTCH.

V

A non-regular but competitive class for dogs at least 7-8 years old, designed to honor those dogs who have maintained their structural integrity, health, vigor and love of showing into their golden years. Boxes of Kleenex are mandatory at ringside...trust me.

W

A very prestigious all-breed /all-champions limited entry benched show held in New York City's Madison Square Garden each February, The Westminster Kennel Club show is legendary. The WKC show is the 2nd oldest sporting event in the United States, younger only than the Kentucky Derby. A major social event as well, "The Garden" is an event every dog lover should attend at least once. Normally nationally televised over two nights. Also see "Garden" above.

The point at which the shoulder blades (scapulae) meet. This critical structural point and its adjoining muscles and ligaments regulate how effectively a dog is able to cover ground with the rest of its front assembly. the tightness or looseness of the shoulders can make the difference between a sloppy thrown front and a clean tracking one. The angulation that the shoulders make create the transition between the neck and spine, and contribute to how easily a dog can reach ahead of itself and how it carries it's head. The withers is also the point at which actual HEIGHT of a dog is measured with a tool called a wicket. The height of the dog needs to be determined for obedience, agility and flyball competition as it will determine the jumping height of the dog.

To give birth to a litter of puppies. A pregnant bitch is considered to be "in whelp." When she is giving birth, she is said to be "whelping."

The class (aka "unfinished" or "non-champion") bitch who has defeated all other class bitches of that breed at that show is the ONE female of that breed to be awarded points towards her championship . The first place winners from each of the bitch classes in that breed that day**, compete for Winners Bitch. 
**This would be the 1st place 6-9 month Puppy Bitch, the 1st place 9-12 Puppy Bitch, the 1st place 12-18 Junior Bitch, the 1st place Novice Bitch, the 1st Place Bred-by Bitch, the First place Can-Bred Bitch, and the 1st place Open Bitch. 
After one Winners Bitch is selected, the bitch who originally took 2nd place to her in the classes is asked to come in and compete with the remaining bitches for "Reserve Winners Bitch." The winner of the "Reserve" is like a "runner- up" and is only awarded points if, in the future, the Winners Bitch is found to be disqualified for some reason and the award is disallowed. 
During the Best of Breed competition, which is held after all class dogs (male and female) of that breed have been judged, the Winners Bitch and Winners Dog compete with each other for "Best of Winners." They may *also* be awarded Best of Breed or Best of Opposite Sex to BOB against the other, already finished champions in the BOB competition.

Same as above, but for males. Substitute "Dog" for "Bitch" where appropriate.

X